現(xiàn)在完成時

1、表示過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。(動詞必須是持續(xù)動詞)

Chinahas changed a great deal in the past 20 years.

2、強調(diào)過去動作對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果。(可以使用非持續(xù)動詞)

Where have you put the dictionary? I can't find it anywhere.

3、表示反復性或習慣性。常常與often, frequently及表示次數(shù)之類的詞連用。

I have watched him appear on TV several times.

現(xiàn)在完成進行時

1、表示過去某時開始的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并在持續(xù)期間內(nèi)不斷進行著。

I have been working for five years.

It has been raining since last Friday.

2、表示重復的動作。

Jim has been ringing John every night for the last week.

現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別

1、現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作業(yè)已完成，而用現(xiàn)在完成進行時談?wù)撐赐瓿傻膭幼鳌?/p>

I have painted this room.(I’ve finished painting it.)

I have been painting this room.(I haven’t finished painting it.)

2、現(xiàn)在完成時關(guān)注動作的結(jié)果，尤其是談到數(shù)字或數(shù)量時;而現(xiàn)在完成進行時關(guān)注動作本身，特別是解釋動作可見的結(jié)果時。

He’s run three miles. (the result: He’s covered the distance of three miles.)

He’s been running for an hour. (the activity and its consequences: this is what he’s been doing for the last hour and why he is exhausted now.)

3、現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示重復的動作時，不能同表示具體數(shù)字的詞并用。

I’ve posted a dozen postcards, but received none.

I’ve read this book several times.

I’ve been posting postcards since early December.

4、現(xiàn)在完成進行時帶有較為強烈的感情色彩。

You have been disturbing me.

5、許多狀態(tài)動詞不能用完成進行時。

I’ve known that for a long time.

The strike has lasted six months.

6、有少數(shù)動詞用兩種時態(tài)都可以，但若強調(diào)時間長度時用完成進行時較好。

They have been working this term.

Theyhave worked very well this term.

過去完成時

一、 概念：

表示過去的過去，其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞。

1.肯定句：主語+had+動詞過去分詞+其他.

2.否定句：主語+had+not+動詞過去分詞+其他.

3.疑問句：Had+主語+動詞過去分詞+其他?

肯定回答：Yes,主語+had.

否定回答：No,主語+hadn't.

4.特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組+had+主語+過去分詞+其他?

5.被動語態(tài)：主語+had(not) +been+動詞過去分詞+其他.

二、 用法：

1. 表示某一動作在過去某一時刻之前已完成。例如:

He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. (昨夜十點鐘之前他已上床去睡了。)

2. 與一般過去時搭配，表達某一動作在過去的動作發(fā)生時已完成。例如：

The train had started when I got to the station. (當我到達車站時火車已開走了。)

The minute I saw a lady getting off the bus, I knew it was she, for I had seen her before. (我一看到正在下公共汽車的那位女士就知道是她，因為我以前看見過她。)

解說：使用過去完成時在簡單句里表達某一動作在過去的某一時刻已完成時，該過去的時刻常以“by +過去時間”的短語來表達。

例如下面的說法是不正確的：

He had gone to bed at 10:00 last night.

若是要說“at 10:00 last night”就必須用一般過去時“He went to bed...”。請再觀察下面的句子試比較：

It had rained yesterday. (誤)

It rained yesterday.(正)

或許你會說：“昨天下了雨，可是今天已放晴了，下雨已是過去的事，而且已經(jīng)下完了，所以就用過去完成時……。”這就是最令同學們對一般過去時和過去完成時感到混淆和困惑的。

實際上只要我們了解下面的兩點原則就可以消除這種現(xiàn)象。

1. 由過去的時間作狀語來修飾動詞的句子都使用一般過去時。

2. 除非從談話的先后關(guān)系和上下文關(guān)系對過去的動作完成的基準點可以確定以外，應該避免在簡單句中使用過去完成時。

將來完成時

1、表示到將來某個時間為止勢必會完成或預計要完成的動作。

如：When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那里時她會已上班去了。

I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我預料到明天你就會改變主意了。

例句：

我已經(jīng)在這住了5年了。I have lived here for 5 years.

截止到去年我已經(jīng)住在這4年了。I have lived here for 4 years by last year.

到明年的時候我就住這6年了。I will have lived here for 6 years by next year.

2、表示某種狀況將一直持續(xù)到說話人所提及的某一將來時間。

如：We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我們倆結(jié)婚就滿1年了。

By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我就已經(jīng)為該公司干了24年了。

By next Monday,she will have studied here for three years.到下周一，她在這里學習就要滿3年了。

The concert will begin at half past eight.They will have played half an hour when you arrive.音樂會將在8點半開始。你到達時，他們將已經(jīng)演奏半小時了。

3、表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來可能已�?jīng)完成動作的推測，對過去實況的推測。

He will have arrived by now.他這是可能已經(jīng)到了。

He is a somebody now.He will have forgotten his old friends.他現(xiàn)在是個要人了，可能把老朋友都忘了。

You'll have heard that China will launch another spaceship.中國將要發(fā)射另一艘宇宙飛船，你可能已經(jīng)聽說了。

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