概念

語(yǔ)態(tài)(Voice)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。

英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)包括兩種形式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。Many people speak English.謂語(yǔ)：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來(lái)執(zhí)行的。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。English is spoken by many people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。He opened the door.他開(kāi)了門(mén)。(主動(dòng)句)The door was opened.門(mén)被開(kāi)了。(被動(dòng)句)

構(gòu)成

be + 過(guò)去分詞 ( + by + 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)

His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built in 2000.通過(guò)上面的例句，可以看出，“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”的構(gòu)成是：

形式

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是由什么人或什么東西而發(fā)出時(shí)，常用介詞“by +行為發(fā)出者”，即be+done+by+行為發(fā)出者。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，通過(guò)助動(dòng)詞be的變化來(lái)表示：

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Our classroom is cleaned every day.This car is made in China.

2、一般過(guò)去式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞His desk was cleaned just now.The station was built in 1928.

3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): am / is / are + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A new factory is being built in our city now.Some trees are being cut down in the park.

4、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A new factory was being built in our city at that time.Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.

5、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):(A) will / shall + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(B) am / is / are + going to be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.Some new factories will be built in our city this year.Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.

6、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):(1)would / should + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(2)was / were +going to be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.

7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have / has + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.Your watch has been mended already.

8、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):had + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞He said that some new factories had been built in the city.I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .

9、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式：can/may/must + be + done(1)You must hand in your homework after class.Your homework must be handed in after class.(2)He can write a letter with the computer.A letter can be written with the computer by him.

運(yùn)用

第一種情況：不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，就是不知道誰(shuí)干的Dan's bike was stolen last week.丹的自行車(chē)上周被偷了。My windows were broken yesterday.我的窗戶(hù)昨天被打爛了。

第二種情況：沒(méi)有必要交代動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，就是說(shuō)：不用說(shuō)出來(lái)大家也知道誰(shuí)干的Rice is also grown in North China.華北地區(qū)也種水稻。A new railway station will be built next year.明年要建一座新的火車(chē)站。

第三種：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，這里我們比較一下主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)：Prisoners of War built the bridge.戰(zhàn)俘修建了這座橋。此句的主句是 Prisoners of War，是來(lái)回答 Who built the bridge? 這個(gè)問(wèn)句，所以此句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者---戰(zhàn)俘，交代戰(zhàn)俘做了什么事。變被動(dòng)之后：The bridge was built by Prisoners of War.這座橋是被戰(zhàn)俘修建的。這樣說(shuō)的話(huà)，主語(yǔ)變成了“the bridge”---這座橋，此句是回答 What was built? 所以此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)“什么被建造”即強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。又如：The book was written by Shi Naian.這本書(shū)是施耐庵寫(xiě)的。

以上是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用的三種情況或者說(shuō)時(shí)機(jī)，第三種雖然強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，但一般也要交代動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用 by + 執(zhí)行者 來(lái)表達(dá)。

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、從句子意義上說(shuō)，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：人們說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。People speak English in many countries.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：英語(yǔ)被說(shuō)。English is spoken in many countries..主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：我們?cè)爝@座橋。We built this bridge last year.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：這座橋被建造。This bridge was built last year.

2、從語(yǔ)法的角度說(shuō)，把原句的賓語(yǔ)改成主語(yǔ)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：小王邀請(qǐng)你(賓語(yǔ))Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你(賓語(yǔ))被邀請(qǐng)。You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你不準(zhǔn)帶走雜志(賓語(yǔ))You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：雜志(賓語(yǔ))不準(zhǔn)被帶走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他們授給他(賓語(yǔ))一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?賓語(yǔ)).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他(賓語(yǔ))被授予一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?He was given a medal for his wonderful work.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?賓語(yǔ))被授給了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.

語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)所注意的問(wèn)題

1. 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.A new computer have been bought. (錯(cuò)誤)

2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)：A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.2.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。(1) A new skirt was made for me.(2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us.

3. 由動(dòng)詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開(kāi)或漏掉。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：不及物動(dòng)詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.及物動(dòng)詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather

4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+ 賓補(bǔ))的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。(1) We always keep the classroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.(2) She told us to follow her instructions.→We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不存在省略to 的問(wèn)題。We often hear him play the guitar.→He is often heard to play the guitar.

5. 當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody,作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Nobody can answer this question.誤：The question can be answered by nobody.正：The question can not be answered by anybody.

6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。They haven't done anything to make the river clean.誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

7. 以who為主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote the story?誤：Who was the story written?正：By whom was the story written?

8. 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。(1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。(2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷(xiāo)。對(duì)比：The books sell well. (主動(dòng)句)The books were sold out. (被動(dòng)句)The meat didn’t cook well. (主動(dòng)句)The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動(dòng)句)

9. 下列情況主動(dòng)句不能改為被動(dòng)句：第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。(1)— Do you like the material?— Yes, it feels very soft.誤：It is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.誤：The food is tasted delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful.第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。He entered the room and got his book.誤：The room was entered and his book was got.She had her hand burned.誤：Her hand was had burned.第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。The fire broke out in the capital building.誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.誤：The sun had already been risen.After the earthquake, few houses remained.誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第五，賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)，如：I taught myself English.誤：Myself was taught English.We love each other.誤：Each other is loved.

初中教材中與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)相關(guān)的句型

1.be covered with被……覆蓋

2.be made of由……制作(發(fā)生物理變化)be made from由……制作(發(fā)生化學(xué)變化)be made in由(某地)制造be made by被(某人)制造3.be used for被用來(lái)……be used as被當(dāng)作(作為)……來(lái)使用be used to do sth.被用來(lái)做某事4.It is said that...據(jù)說(shuō)……It is hoped that...希望……It is well known that...眾所周知……例如：

幾種特殊的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1.帶不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The child is sure to be punished for that.那個(gè)孩子肯定會(huì)因?yàn)槟羌�事受罰的。

2. 帶介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Such a thing has never been heard of.這件事前所未聞。

3. 帶副詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The radio has just been turned off.收音機(jī)剛剛被關(guān)上。

4. 當(dāng)sell, wash, clean, run, ride, wear, write等動(dòng)詞若有狀語(yǔ)well, easily, badly來(lái)修飾時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。The pen writes well.這枝鋼筆寫(xiě)字流暢。The book sells well.這本書(shū)很暢銷(xiāo)。

形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。(中考難點(diǎn))

1.由少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的不及物動(dòng)詞(sell, clean, wash, cut, drive, wear, write等)，當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)為物時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。The car drives well.The cloth washes easily.

2.在be worth doing, need doing中，主語(yǔ)是物，doing表示被動(dòng)意義。The book is worth reading.The tree needs watering.

3.形容詞 cheap, dangerous, important, comfortable, interesting等接不定式做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。The old lady is easy to get along with.The question is difficult to answer.

4.感官動(dòng)詞look, sound, taste, smell, feel等，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)意義。You look unhappy.The cake tastes delicious.

口訣

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)用be +及物動(dòng)詞的.過(guò)去分詞，be有人稱(chēng)、時(shí)、數(shù)變。

完成時(shí)態(tài)have(has)done，被動(dòng)將been加中間。一般將來(lái)shall(will)do，被動(dòng)變do為be done。將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，shall(will)be doing�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，被動(dòng) have(has)been done�，F(xiàn)、過(guò)進(jìn)行be doing，被動(dòng)be加being done。情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語(yǔ)變。否定助后加not，疑問(wèn)一助置主前。主語(yǔ)恰是疑問(wèn)詞，直陳語(yǔ)序主在前。一般情助加be done，雙賓多將間賓變。復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)賓變主，賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)相應(yīng)變。

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