結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中從句主語(yǔ)the new factories又帶有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that were springing up； that would keep them alive做work的定語(yǔ)從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。

　　譯文： 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況：正當(dāng)新辦的工廠(chǎng)紛紛建立，需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力的時(shí)候，成千上萬(wàn)無(wú)家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動(dòng)者攜家?guī)Э冢�被迫進(jìn)入城市；他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。

　　8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是…we have come to believe that…。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語(yǔ)從句；此從句中有一個(gè)that從句作the sense的同位語(yǔ)從句；同位語(yǔ)從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；此時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句又套嵌一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過(guò)…方法”；reward sb. with意為“以…報(bào)答，酬勞”；endure此處應(yīng)譯為“持久，持續(xù)”，不要譯為“忍受，容忍”。

　　譯文：由于兩三個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)的科學(xué)研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運(yùn)用合適的觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法向大自然探究問(wèn)題，她會(huì)真心實(shí)意地給我們答復(fù)，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)報(bào)答我們。從這個(gè)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，大自然是可以認(rèn)識(shí)的。

　　9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…。后面緊跟省略了if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that…，即if it were not for the fact that…；that從句作the fact的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾其先行詞the stage； required for reliable weather forecasting為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過(guò)，僅僅”，不應(yīng)譯為“簡(jiǎn)單地”。

　　譯文：理論上的認(rèn)識(shí)已達(dá)到了這樣一個(gè)階段，即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測(cè)量方式才能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)天氣。如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過(guò)提供了一大堆細(xì)節(jié)而已。

　　10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The story…has many different versions…。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes的同位語(yǔ)；when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，句子補(bǔ)充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…；it displaces是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body；同時(shí)，of which the following is one又構(gòu)成先行詞versions的定語(yǔ)從句。displace意為“排（水）”；version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的（對(duì)事件等的）說(shuō)法，看法”；句尾的one代指a version。

　　譯文：當(dāng)固體浸沒(méi)到液體中時(shí)，固體會(huì)失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量，這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說(shuō)法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。

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